In the last decade of the last century, the EU's economy was dwarfed by the United States and gradually widened its distance. In particular, the German economy has lost its former glory. Instead of not having the locomotive role of the European economy, it has obviously dragged down the economic development of the euro zone. What is more serious is that it still has no light.
The Lisbon Strategy adopted by EU leaders at the Lisbon Summit in 2000 promised to accelerate economic reforms and create more job opportunities, making the EU the most competitive economic entity in the world by 2010. But the reality is that there has been little progress in the reforms in key areas.
In the current world economic downturn, the US economy is erratic, and the Iraqi war is in a confusing and promising environment, EU politicians realize that economic reforms within the EU are crucial; although very difficult, if they do not reform Will pay a higher price. Therefore, the EU leadership has recently negotiated with the member governments on the adjustment of economic policies to accelerate the pace of economic reform.
I. The basic framework for economic policy adjustment The famous Roland Berger Consulting Company summarized the main reasons for the gradual decline in competitiveness of EU countries in the process of economic globalization. It is the improper use of capital resources and human resources in the national economy. The EU is concentrating on maintaining the status quo, but it cannot do so. Instead, the United States uses resources to promote innovation, increase employment, and increase efficiency.
Judging from the current situation, the decision-making bodies of European countries are also aware of the above problems. Therefore, the measures proposed in the industrial reforms in the current economic reforms are generally: gradually reducing financial subsidies, promoting the renewal of traditional industries, and vigorously cultivating high-tech industries.
1. Reducing financial subsidies prompted the non-competitive industries to gradually withdraw from the market. The EU's fiscal subsidies in 2001 amounted to US$94.7 billion. Among them, subsidies for industrial production, coal and service industries accounted for 44%, subsidies for agriculture accounted for 39%, fisheries accounted for 10%, and transportation accounted for 7%. From the industry point of view, the subsidies for agriculture are the most, at 36.9 billion euros. In 2002, the EU's financial subsidies were about 100 billion euros. The EU's huge subsidies for agriculture have become a huge obstacle to the new round of WTO negotiations. Even the United States, which also emphasizes protecting the interests of its farmers, opposes the EU's current subsidies for farmers. Under pressure from developing countries, the EU Foreign Ministers' Meeting on January 27 approved the proposal to reduce the tariff on agricultural products by 36% for industrialized countries, 45% for export subsidies, and 55% for agricultural subsidies. Another focus identified by the EU is to reduce subsidies to the coal industry. In 2001 alone, Germany’s direct subsidies to mines amounted to 4 billion euros. The EU regulations require that this subsidy in Germany be reduced to 2.7 billion euros by 2005.
The internal reason for the EU to reduce financial subsidies is that the budgetary budget is too heavy to bear such a burden; if it does not converge, the South-East European countries that have joined the EU after the expansion will enjoy wider subsidies, and the EU finances will not be able to solve this problem. The external reason is that with the deepening of economic globalization, financial subsidies alone cannot withstand fierce competition. Taking German coal as an example, the average price in the international market in 2002 was about $30 per ton, while the cost of self-produced coal in Germany was nearly 150 euros per ton. Faced with such a huge price difference, it is still not worth the loss to rely on financial subsidies to maintain domestic production.
2. Promoting the renewal of traditional industries to improve production efficiency In the new economic era represented by IT, industries such as machinery manufacturing, chemical industry, automobile, metallurgy, textiles, etc., which have played a firm role in the industrial revolution, are called traditional industries, and some have even Become a sunset industry. Europe is the birthplace of traditional industries. It still has strong strength, but it also faces the problem of how to adapt to the trend of the new economic era. On the basis of summarizing the gap between the development of the United States and the United States in recent years, the EU has made corresponding adjustments to industrial policies. The current focus is on the chemical industry and the textile and garment industry. In the new white paper on EU chemical industry policy, 30,000 kinds of raw materials are listed as potentially dangerous, and 1,350 of them are classified as harmful to human body. The starting point of the EU is to consider environmental protection and human health issues. On the other hand, it promotes the transfer of the production capacity of chemically basic products with low competitiveness and low added value to developing countries, so that the chemical industry in the EU can concentrate. Focus on developing high-tech products and narrowing the gap with the United States. The textile and apparel industry in the European Union faces structural challenges due to the price advantage of similar products in developing countries. The EU's response strategy is to encourage and adopt measures on tariffs to facilitate EU manufacturers to shift labor-intensive general production to low-wage developing countries and Europe as a design, deep processing and sales center.
3. Vigorously cultivate high-tech industries to promote industrial restructuring In the 1990s, the United States relied on the development of high-tech and IT industries to promote its rapid economic growth. However, the EU countries did not pay much attention to it at the time, resulting in at least ten years behind the United States in the new economic field, and the reform of traditional industries was weak in high-tech, and the industrial structure did not adapt to the competitive trend of economic globalization. An important reason for the United States. In order to enable enterprises to adapt to the global science and technology competition in the 21st century, the EU is determined to focus on the research and development of six high-tech fields such as bioengineering, information technology, aerospace technology, nanotechnology, new materials and microelectronics, so that EU countries can narrow the gap with the United States. And strive to occupy the world's leading position in some of these areas. The sixth Science and Technology Development and Research Framework Programme (2003-2006) currently under implementation and the Eureka Initiative aim to improve competitiveness and seek sustainable development. It is expected that some of these key projects will generate considerable economic benefits after completion in the next few years.
Second, the impact of EU economic policy adjustment on China's exports to Germany The adjustment of EU economic policies will inevitably have a profound impact on its economic operations and will be reflected in imports and exports. Germany is my largest trading partner in Europe, and bilateral trade has maintained double-digit growth since 1998. Therefore, by taking advantage of the adjustment of the EU's economic policy, we will study its impact on China's exports to Germany, and seek to increase its stamina for exporting Germany.
1. My coal has a large room for growth in Germany's exports. After more than a year of hard work, the German government finally forced the EU to agree in June that it would extend its subsidies for coal to 2007, up to 2010; without government subsidies Ruhr The coal mines in the region and Saarland can only be closed. Germany imported 39.3 million tons of anthracite in 2001, accounting for 55% of demand; this was also the case in 2002. As government subsidies decrease year by year, German coal imports will continue to increase until they are largely dependent on imports. China is the world's largest coal producer. Last year's output was nearly 1.4 billion tons, of which anthracite was about 1 billion tons. However, China’s coal exports to Germany last year were only 260,000 tons, with a total amount of 9.15 million US dollars. It is only a fraction of Germany’s imported coal, which is extremely incompatible with the status of China’s coal power. It is understood that the key to affecting China's coal exports is the freight problem, especially the land transportation and port collection costs from the place of origin to the port. At present, Germany's coal imports are mainly from Australia and South Africa. From the perspective of transportation distance, it is roughly the same as that imported from China. Therefore, my relevant departments should pay attention to this. It seems that we should find out the competitive reasons of the freight rates in these two countries and the potential of our cost reduction, and study and determine the practical solutions to solve the bottleneck problem of my coal export. The export of German coal can be fundamentally changed.
2. The export opportunities and challenges of my chemical products coexist. The characteristics of the EU's chemical policy adjustment are to re-register and identify the chemical components of raw materials and products. Otherwise, import and production are not allowed. According to estimates by the European Chemical Industry Association, this will involve about 36,000 companies in the EU and an appraisal fee of up to 7 billion euros. The chemical products exported to Germany by China mainly include antibiotics, synthetic organic dyes, man-made fibers and metal oxides. Most of these products may be involved in the EU's new chemical policy, and there may be some non-chemical products that contain chemical additives, such as furniture coatings, which may also be involved. Therefore, our relevant institutions and production companies should seriously study and prepare, otherwise our products may be rejected at any time after the new EU chemical industry regulations come into effect.
Another feature of the EU's new chemical policy is the obvious increase in environmental standards.
It will cause many enterprises to stop production because they cannot afford the high cost of environmental protection. According to German environmental experts, it is possible to reduce 150,000 jobs in Germany alone. This should be an opportunity for China's chemical industry. On the one hand, German manufacturers will choose new production bases abroad. For example, BASF is negotiating with my Northeast Pharmaceutical General Factory to produce vitamins. It is estimated to invest 150 million US dollars. China's chemical and pharmaceutical enterprises should pay close attention to this matter and actively strive for the German side to transfer some projects with development prospects and certain foundations to China for production and processing, so that China can gradually become the world's production center for global chemical and pharmaceutical basic products. On the other hand, many chemical products in Germany need to be increased or completely imported from abroad. At present, China has a good cooperation with BASF and BAYER, the leading enterprises in the German chemical industry. The EU chemical policy adjustment can be taken as an opportunity to further expand the cooperation field and make the upstream and downstream products to form a chain-type production relationship to ensure the chemical industry. The stability of the product's export to Germany.
3. Expanding business opportunities through cooperation in high-tech fields In mid-February, the EU conducted the first public bidding for the sixth technology framework project in Beijing. The tendered projects include information technology, life sciences, aerospace, food quality and safety, new materials, etc., covering a wide range of scientific research fields, with a total amount of 5 billion euros.
Since “cooperative research and results sharing†is one of the principles of the EU Science and Technology Framework Program, this is not only a rare opportunity for my research institutions but also for large enterprises with conditions in China. The key to realizing the goal of quadrupling China's foreign trade exports by 2020 is to vigorously cultivate the export of high value-added high-tech products. We must use the spirit of advancing with the times to develop and innovate, and consider the cooperation with the EU in scientific research from the strategic height of expanding exports.
The first 20 years of the 21st century will be a critical period for the development of new materials and technologies based on nanomaterials and nanotechnology. It is estimated that by 2010 the world's nanotechnology and related industries will reach $1.44 billion. Therefore, the United States, Japan, Germany and other countries have increased their investment in nano research and made forward-looking considerations for seizing the market. China's nano research should be said to be in the world's leading position and highly valued by the state. During the Fifteenth Plan period, it will invest 500 million yuan annually. The focus of nanotechnology research in China is on nanomaterials, while Germany attaches great importance to the research of nanobiotechnology. Therefore, the cooperation between China and Germany in nano research is complementary. More importantly, if this cooperation is based on market demand, it will not only help the scientific research results directly into productivity, but also help the products enter the mature market of Europe and evade the technical barriers of the EU.
The export of Chinese medicine to Germany is a long-standing problem, and even the German Ministry of Health is not interested in this issue. According to the current situation of Germany and the EU, the breakthrough of Chinese medicine exports to Germany can be considered from scientific research cooperation. Germany's current research in biotechnology and life sciences is a world leader and is the focus of EU research planning. It is planned to build the German-French Bioengineering Research Center in Strasbourg, France and Karlsruhe, Germany. The powerful Chinese medicine companies such as Beijing Tongrentang Chinese Medicine Group and Shenzhen Sanjiu Enterprise Group should be encouraged and promoted to participate in the research projects, so that the camera can integrate the results of China's treatment of cancer, AIDS and other world medical problems in Chinese herbal medicine. On the one hand, it can improve the curative effect, on the other hand, it is the Germans who use the facts to make the thoughts rigid and too many can identify with Chinese medicine. In addition, the joint research and development can also solve the most difficult problem for Chinese medicine ingredients to enter the EU market.
In short, it is a good strategy to consider the scientific cooperation with the EU and expand the export and “going out†strategy.
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