During the global semiconductor industry decline, the automotive electronics market has performed strongly, especially in the application of automotive remote control systems. At present, 60% of the world's cars are equipped with remote control systems, and according to the GartnerDataquest report in March 2003, the market for semiconductor devices consumed by remote control systems is about 5%, reaching $1.075 billion.
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The cost of RF-based remote control devices is declining year by year, making the electronic remote unlocking system more cost-effective than mechanical unlocking systems, leading to further expansion of the market. New applications are also emerging, such as active and passive remote unlocking systems (PKE), tire pressure monitoring systems and other safety applications that meet the safety and ease of use of automotive manufacturers.
Active and passive remote unlocking system
Over the years, active remote unlocking systems have evolved from the original concept of transmitters and receivers. The transmitter sends a serial number consisting of data to the receiving controller on the vehicle, and the receiver determines whether to open the door after verifying that the serial numbers are correct. Early system developers didn't think too much about security issues, and they didn't expect unauthorized people to receive data over wireless connections. Since most existing systems operate in the 315 or 433 MHz band, car thieves can send various possible serial numbers to unlock the door without damaging the door or being suspected. They can also capture the number when the driver opens the door and re-launch the number to unlock it when no one is in the future.
In order to prevent risks and avoid unauthorized system intrusion, the new wireless remote control system introduces code-hopping. Keelog is one of them. This code hopping technique encrypts the count increase value before the code is sent, and the receiver decrypts the code before driving the lock to ensure that the count value is incremented from the previously stored value. As a global standard, Keelog code hopping technology provides a simple, secure remote control system for cars. Developers can implement a very secure system with very few pins and very low cost. Moreover, Keelog generates 32-bit hopping codes through a 64-bit programmable cryptographic core based on a proprietary nonlinear encryption algorithm. Because of its programmable nature, this cryptographic check is unique to each device, reducing the likelihood of hacking.
The passive remote unlocking system is similar to the active remote unlocking system. This system uses two-way wireless communication, the system can generate a challenge signal from the car to the key, the key encrypts the signal and responds to the car. Therefore, when the driver approaches the car, the key placed in the pocket is automatically detected. Then, when the driver touches the door handle, if the key is verified as legitimate, the door will be unlocked. This approach is very attractive to car users.
Tire pressure monitoring system
In recent years, the public has also gained a deeper understanding of tire pressure. Proper correct tire pressure saves fuel and increases tire life and maneuverability. The North American legislature has authorized its Highway Traffic Safety Department to issue a tire pressure monitoring standard to monitor the in-cylinder temperature and real-time pressure of the vehicle being sold there. As global consumer demand for safety and fuel efficiency grows, it is believed that this standard will be widely accepted and accepted.
At the heart of the tire pressure monitoring system are sensors (pressure and temperature) and launchers. When the system is working, the sensor periodically measures the pressure inside the tire, temperature and battery status, and then sends the detected data information to the receiver through RF, so that the driver can see the condition of the tire at a glance.
Typically, each vehicle requires 5 sensors and transmitters, one for each tire and one for each spare tire. And each transmitting unit has a unique serial number that allows the system to distinguish and identify each tire. In addition, the sensor and the transmitter are placed inside the tire, so there are strict requirements in terms of volume and weight. Once the control is not good, the tire will be unbalanced, causing the tire to suffer abnormal wear and even unsafe factors. . It is also worth noting that these sensors and transmitting devices need to be battery powered, so the battery life must be at least 10 years.
To assist the system in power management, developers of tire pressure monitoring systems use low frequency communications to activate sensors and transmitters that are in a sleep state, typically in the 315-433 MHz band. These low-power RF designs typically use SAW resonators, enabling low-cost RF transmitters with fewer components. However, due to strict regulations on RF emissions in Japan and Europe, developers are increasingly turning to phase-locked loops (PLLs) for better frequency stability. In some cases, developers turned to the 868 or 915 MHz band for better performance, saturation and improved low frequency interference.
Remote control system developers must pay attention to security issues
In applications such as tire pressure monitoring systems, safety issues are often overlooked. Once there is a security breach, there is a danger of being subjected to code capture and resend attacks. For example, a car thief can identify a target, intercept a pressure detection send signal, and then send a low voltage fault signal, the receiver will therefore send a fault signal to the driving display. When the driver reacts to this and stops, the thief has the opportunity to hijack the vehicle and possibly harm the driver. The two-way communication system partially solves this safety hazard because the receiver knows when a detection signal should be generated from the specified tire. Moreover, due to the limited distance of electromagnetic wave communication, car thieves are not enough to reliably detect the signal link and intercept it. Further, if an enhanced security technique such as keelog is used, the system will be more secure and reliable, because the timing of querying tire conditions is randomly generated. In addition, because the tire pressure monitoring system works in a very harsh environment for a long time, it is more necessary to have reliable electronic components to withstand high temperatures, anti-acceleration and long-term use. For example, an antenna placed inside a car may directly affect the reliability of the wireless communication link.
Considering the ongoing cost pressures, some components can be shared using the similarities of the tire pressure monitoring system and the remote unlocking system. For example, the key's encrypted identification code, as well as the tire pressure measurement signal, can be sent to an RF receiver. The antenna coil used to generate the magnetic field to activate the pressure sensor can also be used to activate the key of the passive remote unlocking system.
With the continuous development of remote control systems, new demands will continue to emerge. Therefore, flash-based MCUs will become a key tool for developers to complete hardware and software solutions. Integrating other security systems is also necessary while reducing costs and power consumption. Because security is the primary factor they consider when making purchase decisions.
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